PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA
KEMISKINAN DAN KESENJANGAN
Nama : Dessy Sagita ( 21215729 )
Dwi Choirunisa ( 22215037 )
Rani Andriyani (
25215658 )
Kelas : 1EB23
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2016
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat
Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena dengan rahmat, karunia, serta taufik dan hidayah-Nya
kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah tentang Sistem Ekonomi Indonesia ini dengan
baik meskipun banyak kekurangan didalamnya. Dan juga kami berterima kasih pada Ibu
Nicky Handayani yang telah memberikan tugas makalah kepada kami .
Kami sangat berharap makalah ini
dapat berguna dalam rangka menambah wawasan serta pengetahuan kita mengenai
Sistem Ekonomi Indonesia, dan juga bagaimana memahi makna Sistem Ekonomi
Indonesia. Kami juga menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa di dalam makalah ini terdapat
kekurangan dan jauh dari kata sempurna. Oleh sebab itu, kami berharap adanya
kritik, saran dan usulan demi perbaikan makalah yang telah kami buat di masa
yang akan datang, mengingat tidak ada sesuatu yang sempurna tanpa saran yang
membangun.
Semoga makalah sederhana ini dapat dipahami
bagi siapapun yang membacanya. Sekiranya laporan yang telah disusun ini dapat
berguna bagi kami sendiri maupun orang yang membacanya. Sebelumnya kami mohon
maaf apabila terdapat kesalahan kata-kata yang kurang berkenan dan kami memohon
kritik dan saran yang membangun demi perbaikan di masa depan.
Bekasi,
April 2016
Kemiskinan telah menjadi perbincangan dan kajian yang menarik
bagi banyak kalangan , mulai dari masyarakat awam , birokrat politikus ,
pemimpin agama , hingga akademisi (Maipta et.al,
2010). Berbagai pendapat dan argumentasi tentang kemiskinan muncul , ada yang
pro bahkan ada juga yang kontra. Dimulai dari konsep kemiskinan itu sendiri ,
penyebab , cara mengukur , dampak , hingga cara mengatasinya . Kemiskinan bukan
hanya bahasan dan masalah bagi Negara kurang berkembang atau Negara berkembang ,
tetapi turut menjadi topik bahasan bahasan Negara maju . Hal ini disebabkan
kemiskinan juga melanda Negara maju .Selain itu , kemisikinan di Negara
berkembang dan kurang berkembang juga menjadi beban bagi Negara maju , baik
secar moral bahkan terkadang secar ekonomi .
Kajian tentang kemiskinan telah dimulai sejak ratusan tahun
lalu . Pada tahun 1899 , Seebohm Rowntree melakukan studi tentang kemiskinan di
York Inggris (Haughton dan Sahidur , 2009). Bersama beberapa orang relawan ia
mewanwancarai 11.500 rumah tangga dalam kurun waktu 6 bulan. Informasi yang
mereka kumpulkan adalah seputar Kondisi rumah , Status kepemilikan ruamah ,
Pekerjaan, dan Penghasilan.
Kemiskinan adalah bila tidak memiliki pekerjaan sehingga
takut menatap masa depan , tidak memiliki akses akan sumber air bersih .
Kemiskinan adalah ketidakberdayaan, kurangnya reprentasi dan kebebasan.
Ø Garis Kemiskinan
Pembahasan mengenai garis kemiskinan tetap saja seru untuk
diperdebatkan , demikian juga dengan studynya . Mulai dari perdebatan mengenai
cara menentukannya atau menghitungnya hingga besarnya . Sebagian orang
berpendapat bahwa komponen yang menentukan garis kemiskinan itu adalah tetap
dari masa ke masa .
Konsep:
- Garis Kemiskinan (GK) merupakan penjumlahan dari Garis Kemiskinan Makanan (GKM) dan Garis Kemiskinan Non Makanan (GKNM). Penduduk yang memiliki rata-rata pengeluaran perkapita per bulan dibawah Garis Kemiskinan dikategorikan sebagai penduduk miskin.
- Garis Kemiskinan Makanan (GKM) merupakan nilai pengeluaran kebutuhan minimum makanan yang disetarakan dengan 2100 kilokalori perkapita perhari. Paket komoditi kebutuhan dasar makanan diwakili oleh 52 jenis komoditi (padi-padian, umbi-umbian, ikan, daging, telur dan susu, sayuran, kacang-kacangan, buah-buahan, minyak dan lemak, dll)
- Garis Kemiskinan Non Makanan (GKNM) adalah kebutuhan minimum untuk perumahan, sandang, pendidikan dan kesehatan. Paket komoditi kebutuhan dasar non makanan diwakili oleh 51 jenis komoditi di perkotaan dan 47 jenis komoditi di pedesaan.
Ø PENYEBAB & DAMPAK KEMISKINAN
Kemiskinan memang suatu masalah yang
kompleks. Ia tidak berdiri sendiri, banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya dan menyebabkannya
terjadi. Ada faktor internal yang disebabkan oleh dirinya sendiri, ada juga
yang datang dari luar, seperti lingkungan, pemerintahan, keadaan perekonomian
secara umum, kebijakan pemerintah yang tidak berpihak, dan banyak hal lainnya.
Namun setidaknya kemiskinan muncul karena perbedaan kemampuan, perbedaan sumber
daya, dan perbedaan kesempatan.
Dalam konteks negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, telah
diatur dengan tegas di dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 bahwa fakir miskin dan
anak terlantar dipelihara olhe negara. Meskipun dalam praktiknya masih dapat
diperdebatkan apakah indonesia selama ini telah melaksanakan amanat
Undang-Undang Dasarnya sendiri atau justru melanggarnya ( dalam arti belum
mampu melaksanakan dengan sepenuhnya.
·
PENYEBAB
KEMISKINAN
Seperti diutarakan pada bebrapa bagian terdahulu,
bahwa kemiskinan merupakan suatu kajian yang menarik minat banyak orang. Oleh
karena itu pengertian, definisi, penyebab, dampak, metode pengukuan dan cara
mengatasinya pun berbeda-beda sesuai dengan pendapat dan sudut pandangnya.
Spicker
(2002), berpendapat bahwa penyebab kemiskinan dapat
dibagi dalam empat mazhab, yaitu :
1)
Individual Explanation, mazhab ini berpendapat bahwa kemiskinan cenderung
diakibatkan oleh karakterstik orang miskin itu sendiri. Karakteristik yang
dimaksud seperti malas dan kurang sungguh-sungguh dalam segal hal, termasuk
dalam bekerja.
2)
Familial Explanation, mazhab ini berpendapat bahwa kemiskinan lebih di
sebabkan oleh faktor keturunan. Tingkat pendidikan orang tua yang rendah telah
membawa dia dalam kemiskinan. Akibatnya ia tidak mampu memberikan pendidikan
yang layak kepada anaknya sehingga
anaknya juga akan jatuh pada kemiskinan.
3)
Subcultural Explantion, menurut mazhab ini bahwa kemiskinan dapat disebabkan
oleh kultur, kebaisaan dan adat-istiadat, atau akibat karakteristik perilaku
lingkungan.
4)
Structural Explanations, mazhab ini menganggap bahwa kemiskinan timbul akibat
dari ketidak seimbangan, perbedaan status yang dibuat oleh adat istiadat,
kebijakan, dan aturan lain menimbulkan perbedaan hak untuk bekerja, sekolah,
dan lainnya hinga menimbulkan kemiskinan di antara mereka yang statuna rendah
dan haknya terbatas.
Isdjoyo (2010), membedakan penyebab kemiskinan di desa dan di
kota. Kemiskinandi desa terutama disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor antara lain :
1) Ktidakberdayaan.
Kondisi ini muncul karena kurangnya lapangan kerja, rendahnya harga produk yang
dihasilkan mereka, dan tingginya biaya pendidikan.
2) Keterkucilan,
rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, kurangnya keahlian, sulitnya transportasi, serta
ketiadan akses terhadap kredit menyebabkan mereka terkucil dan menjadi miskin.
3) Kemiskinan
materi, kondisi ini dakibatkan kurangnya modal, dan minimnya lahan pertanian
yang dimiliki menyebabkan penghasilan mereka relatif rendah.
4) Kerentanan,
sulitnya mendapatkan pekerjaan, pekerjaan musiman, dan bencana alam, membuat
mereka menjadi rentan dan miskin.
5) Sikap,
sikap yang menerima apa adanya dan kurangnya termotivasi untuk bekerja keras
membuat mereka menjadi miskin.
Kemiskinan di kota pada dasarnya disebabkan oleh faktor-faktro
yang sama dengan di desa, yang berbeda adalah penyebab dari faktor-faktor
tersebut, misalnya faktor ketidakberdayaan di kota cenderung disebabkan oleh
kurangnya lapangan kerja, dan tingginya biaya hidup.
Kemiskinan dapat juga disebabkan oleh : (a) rendahnya
kualitas angkatan kerja, (b) akses yang sulit dan terbatas terhadap kepemilikan
modal, (c) rendahnya tingkat penguasaan teknologi, (d) penggunaan sumber daya
yang tidak efisien, dan (e) pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi.
Selain dari berbagai pendapat di atas, kemiskinan secaram
umum disebabkan oleh dua faktor , yaitu faktor internal dan faktor eksternal.
Faktor internal adalah faktor yang datang dari dalam diri orang miskin, seperti
sikap yang menerima apa adanya, tidak bersungguh-sungguh dalam berusaha, dan
kondisi fisik yang kurang sempurna. Sedangkan faktor eksternal adalah faktor
yang datang dari luar diri si miskin, seperti keterkucilkan karena akses yang
terbatas, kuranganya lapangan kerja, ketidaan kesempatan, sumber daya alam yang
terbatas, pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi, dan stabilitas politik yang tidak
kondusif.
Ø Pertumbuhan, Kesenjangan, dan Kemiskinan
Laju
pertumbuhan menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi.
Semakin tinggi pertumbuhan PDB (pendapatan perkapita), semakin besar perbedaan
kelas-kelas sosial. Jadi (1997) menyimpulkan semakin besar ketimpangan dalam
distribusi pendapatan disebabkan oleh pergeseran demografi, perubahan pasar
buruh, dan perubahan kebijakan publik.
Ø Beberapa Indikator Kesenjangan dan Kemiskinan
Ada sejumlah cara untuk mrngukur
tingkat kesenjangan dalam distribusi pendapatan yang dibagi ke dalam dua
kelompok pendekatan, yakni axiomatic dan stochastic dominance. Yang sering
digunakan dalam literatur adalah dari kelompok pendekatan pertama dengan tiga
alat ukur, yaitu the generalized entropy (GE), ukuran atkinson, koefisien gini,
dan kurva lorentz.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS)
menggunakan batas miskin dari besarnya rupiah yang dibelanjakan per kapita
sebulan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan minimum makanan dan bukan makanan (BPS, 1994).
Untuk kebutuhan minimum makanan digunakan patokan 2.100 kalori per hari.
Sedangkan pengeluaran kebutuhan minimum bukan makanan meliputi pengeluaran
untuk perumahan, sandang, serta aneka barang dan jasa.
Ø Faktor – faktor
Penyebab Kemiskinan
Kemiskinan adalah keadaan dimana
terjadi ketidakmampuan untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan dasar seperti makanan ,
pakaian , tempat berlindung, pendidikan, dan kesehatan.
Kemiskinan dapat disebabkan oleh
kelangkaan alat pemenuh kebutuhan dasar, ataupun
sulitnya akses terhadap pendidikan dan
pekerjaan. Kemiskinan merupakan masalah global.
Sebagian orang memahami istilah ini
secara subyektif dan komparatif, sementara yang
lainnya melihatnya dari segi moral dan
evaluatif, dan yang lainnya lagi memahaminya dari
sudut ilmiah yang telah mapan
Adapun faktor-faktor penyebab
terjadinya kemiskinan dapat dikategorikan dalam dua
hal berikut ini :
1. Faktor Internal (dari dalam diri
individu)
Yaitu berupa kekurangmampuan dalam hal
:
a. Fisik misalnya cacat, kurang gizi,
sakit-sakitan.
b. Intelektual misalnya kurangnya
pengetahuan, kebodohan,
kekurangtahuan informasi.
c. Mental emosional misalnya malas,
mudah menyerah, putus asa
temperamental.
d. Spritual misalnya tidak jujur,
penipu, serakah, tidak disiplin.
e. Sosial psikologis misalnya kurang
motivasi, kurang percaya diri,
depresi/ stres, kurang relasi, kurang
mampu mencari dukungan.
f. Ketrampilan misalnya tidak mempunyai
keahlian yang sesuai dengan
permintaan lapangan kerja.
g. Asset misalnya tidak memiliki stok
kekayaan dalam bentuk tanah,
rumah, tabungan, kendaraan dan modal
kerja
2. Faktor Eksternal (berada di luar
diri individu atau keluarga)
Yang menyebabkan terjadinya kemiskinan
antara lain :
a. Terbatasnya pelayanan sosial dasar.
b. Tidak dilindunginya hak atas
kepemilikan tanah.
c. Terbatasnya lapangan pekerjaan
formal dan kurang terlindunginya
usaha-usaha sektor informal.
d. Kebijakan perbankan terhadap layanan
kredit mikro dan tingkat bunga
yang tidak endukung sektor usaha mikro.
e. Belum terciptanya sistim ekonomi
kerakyatan dengan prioritas sektor riil
masyarakat banyak.
f. Sistem mobilisasi dan pendayagunaan
dana sosial masyarakat yang
belum optimal seperti zakat.
g. Dampak sosial negatif dari program
penyesuaian struktural (structural
Adjusment Program/ SAP).
h. Budaya yang kurang mendukung
kemajuan dan kesejahteraan.
i. Kondisi geografis yang sulit,
tandus, terpencil atau daerah bencana.
j. Pembangunan yang lebih berorientasi
fisik material.
k. Pembangunan ekonomi antar daerah
yang belum merata.
l. Kebijakan publik yang belum berpihak
kepada penduduk miskin.
Ø KEBIJAKAN MENGURANGI KEMISKINAN
Menurunkan angka kemiskinan telah menjadi tujuan utama dar
kebijakan publik di hampir semua negara termasuk negara industri. Pengurangan
kemiskinan akan berada di setiap negara, tergantung dari beberapa hal, seperti
konsep kemiskian yang di anut, karakteristik kemiskinan yang dialami, kondisi
demografi, kondisi geografi, serta kemampuan ekonomi dan arah kebijakan dari
negara tersebut.
·
KEBIJAKAN
FISKAL
Suatu kebijakan yang sangat terkait dengan distribusi
pendapatan dan kemiskinan adalah kebijakan fiskal. Wujud dar kebijakan ini
dapat dilihat dari perkembangan pendapatan dan pengeluaran negara dalam
Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN). APBN merupakan instrumen penting
kebijakan pemerintah, tidak boleh hanya sekedar dipahami sebagai suatu dokumen
keuangan semata, melainkan juga harus
dipahami sebagai dokumen politik. Disamping itu, anggaran publik yang
menegaskan prissip pro-poor juga
memilki landasan konstitusional yang kuat. Landasan filosofi keungan publik
yang dianut oleh Republik Indonesia adalah kedaulatan rakyat dan bukan hanya
perwujudan pengelolaan keuangan negara. Oleh karenanya, pengalokasian anggara
harus didasarkan pda aspek keberpihakan, yaitu keberpihakan pada kelompok
masyarakat yang terpinggirkan secara ekonomi, sosial , politik, maupun budaya.
Jika proses penganggaran negara dan daerah bervisi pro-poor, maka anggaran
publik yang berpihak pada kaum miskin (
pro-poor budget ) menjadi instrumen politik penting dalam pengurangan
kemiskinan. Disinilah politik anggaran menempati posisi penting dalam
mensejahterkana rakyat.
Pemerintah harus menciptakan suatu kondisi pertumbuhan
ekonomi yang tidak semata tinggi, tetapi juga dinikmati oleh semua lapisan
masyarakat, termasuk penduduk miskin (
pro-poor growth). Kebijakan dan program pembangunan ekonomi seharusnya
ditiitkberatkan kepada sektor rill yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung
menyentuh kehidupan mayoritas kaum miskin, seperti pertanian, peikanan, usaha
kecil menengah, dan sektor formal.
Kebijakan fiskal merupakan bentuk campur tangan
pemerintah dalam perekonomian dan pemabangunan ekonomi suatu negara. Kebijakan
fiskal memiliki dua instrumen pokok, yitu perpajakan (tax policy), dan pengeluaran pemerintah (government expenditure).
Lebih jauh Soediyono (1985) mengatakan bahwa variabel
instrumen dari kebijakan fiskal dapat
berupa pajak (tax), tranfer pemerintah (goverenment transfer), subsidi
(subsidies), dan pengeluaran anggaran ( government expenditure). Kebijakan
fiskal disebut juga kebijakan anggaran (budgetary polcy) yang dilakukan melalui
Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara.
Kebijakan
fiskal atau anggaran memilki tiga fungsi yaitu, (1) fungsi alokasi (allocation function), (2) fungsi
distribusi (distribution function),
da (3) fungsi stabilisai (stabilization
function). Fungsi alokasi berkaitan dengan penyediaan barang sosial (social goods) atau proses penggunaan
sumberdaya keseluruhan yang dibagi antara barang privat (private
goods), barang sosial (social goods)
dan kombinasi barang sosial yang dipilih. Fungsi distribusi berkaitan dengan
pembagian pendapatan dan kekayaan yang lebih adil dan merata di masyarakat.
Sedangkan fungsi stabilisasi sesuai dengan namanya bertujuan untuk
mempertahankan tingkat pengangguran yang rendah, stabilitas tingkat harga,
Sumber data utama yang dipakai adalah
data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Panel Modul Konsumsi dan Kor.
Nita. 2011. Kemiskinan dan Kesenjangan Pendapatan.
Madani, Syirinal. 2011. Kemiskinan dan Kesenjangan Pendapatan.
Data poverty in
Jakarta
1.tahun2005 = 316.2
2.tahun2006 = 407.1
3.tahun2007 = 405.7
4.tahun2008 = 379.6
5.tahun2009 = 323.2
6.tahun2010 = 312.2
1 OVERVIEW OF CONDITION AREA JAKARTA
Jakarta is the capital of the State of Indonesia which has a population in 2008 of 9:15 million so that Jakarta is one of the most populated cities in the territory of Indonesia
With a population that much then Jakarta has many problems of population, one of which is the problem of poverty over the year number is always increasing.
And one of the causes of poverty is the lack of jobs available in the area of Jakarta, according to the BPS In 2008 the total labor force of 4.77 million people and not the labor force of 2.18 million people, but the number of jobs available is not balanced with the amount of force existing work.
2 CONDITIONS OF POVERTY IN THE REGION JAKARTA
The number of poor people in Jakarta in March 2009 amounted to 323.17 thousand (3.62 percent). Compared with the poor people in March 2008 amounted to 379.6 thousand people (4.29 percent), means the number of poor people decreased by 57.45 thousand (0.67 percent). This may occur because of one reason is deflation in January through March of 0.13%
From BPS data also can be said that poverty year after year is generally said to be increasing. Hl can be seen from the table the incidence of poverty from 1996-2008 year
Number and Percentage of Poor People in Indonesia
By Region 1996-2008
3 CURRENT CASE EXAMPLE OF POVERTY IN THE REGION JAKARTA
Admittedly, Jakarta has a variety of programs to eradicate poverty. However, the program only reaches the poor air-Jakarta ID card. In fact, many poor immigrants from areas in Java, even outside of Java, which is not registered as a resident of the city.
For Yunaedi (37), given the onions means remembering the time living with his family who are always tinged cries. Tears were seeping not because the water splashes onions can indeed make eye spicy.
However, onions, too, who sliced his heart. Finally, an onion farmer from Brebes, Central Java, it went to Jakarta.
Yunaedi only landless. He is working on land owned by others, has hired every year. However, production costs often taksebanding onions with the selling price of garapannya. "When we lose so, the family all-out, the cry all at home. The onion rings were begitu.Benar really can make a real cry," said Yunaedi recalled.
1999 Yunaedi to Jakarta and selling fried rice. Together Sarmah (31) and two children, Yunaedi rented tenement of plywood on top of Kali Mampang, South Jakarta. There they lived with hundreds of other urban poor soul. Their slum shacks sandwiched between the luxury settlements.
Yunaedi just one portrait of the powerlessness of the poor in Jakarta. They are constantly marginalized systemically. Because the illegal residence status, Yunaedi were helpless when the card failed to take care of poor families.
Images of poverty in the city can not be seen simply as an urban problem alone. Poverty was not as flat as statistical data, which is easy to manipulate. How exactly the tangled threads of poverty in this city begin?
Dian Tri Irawati of the Division of Research and Development of the Urban Consortium (Urban Poor Consortium / UPC) noted, the powerlessness of the poor in the city has been started since the farmers' right to land in the village uprooted. Its true they actually farmers could not have their own land.
As impoverished farmers. One of the causes of poverty at the beginning of the city was when the agricultural sector was castrated systemically. "Portrait of poverty in the city is only one manifestation of the effects of castration," said Dian.
Tercerabutnya land of peasant life is exacerbated by stagnant implementation of agrarian reform (land reform) mandated by the Basic Agrarian Law No. 5 of 1960. Only recently the National Land Agency seeks to realize the mandate that has been dormant for decades.
The Act mandates the government to redistribute State land to tenant farmers and landless peasants. Ownership and control of land is limited. Spirit of the legislation was none other than to create equity in opportunity bidangpertanian productive activities.
However, Onghokham Institute noted, the legislation actually stalled since entering in 1970. In contrast, the ease in the provision of land for investment and exploitation of natural resources on a large scale open wide. As a result, the ownership of land by farmers continued to narrow. Conversion of agricultural land continues to happen.
Sovereignty farmers were emasculated by the adoption of the idea of the Green Revolution. As a result, farmers continue to rely on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. This is of course more to fatten the coffers of multinational companies in the agricultural sector. Meanwhile, the index of exchange rate farmers are always low, if not always degenerate.
"Nothing wrong with that then they are not flocking to Jakarta to seek life? They no longer have land, no adequate livelihood," said Dian.
In Jakarta, the absence of land rights in their villages continued in the absence of their right to stay in the capital. They also occupy land illegally; riverbanks, under bridges, under the motorway, to the edge of the railroad tracks. They make a living in the forbidden area, road shoulders, sidewalks, parking area also. As an illegal resident, shadows lose their source of livelihood and shelter continue to threaten.
Similarly Yunaedi, most of them were forced to inhabit lands should not for settlement. Riverbanks, on the platform, under a bridge, or the empty lands that have not been built by its owner is the easiest option.
Head of Jakarta Population Abdul Kadir said there were dozens of community residents who occupy the point of restricted areas, including 32 locations in North Jakarta. Among others in Rawa Bebek, exactly underneath the highway overpass Pluit, Teluk Gong, Kampung Bandan, Marunda, Tanah Merah, and the green line on the banks of Cakung Drain.
Their number could be hundreds of thousands of lives. Because, at the Tanah Merah alone there are 750 families, while in Cakung Drain about 300 keluarga.Digusur Jakarta Provincial Government to tackle poverty in the city with a repressive approach. Curbing. The settlements of the poor slum is considered a disease and damage the glitter of the city. Through the Regional Regulation No. 11
1988 on Public Order, the poor are often expelled. The issuance of Presidential Regulation No. 36 Year 2005 on Land Procurement for Implementation of Development for Public Interest increasingly legalize evictions.
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), a worldwide organization in Switzerland who campaigned for the right to housing, calling penggusuranpaksa in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, has reached a sufficient level of distress.
COHRE put Indonesia as one of the seven states that evictions greatest in the world. While UPC noted, from 2000 to 2005 as many as 19 094 families evicted.
"It's useless government-evicted evicted us. They gave compensation money, but for us it was money injustice. We were evicted from one place, moved to another place which remains illegal," said Grandma Dela, scavengers in Penjaringan district, North Jakarta.
For the urban poor illegal, to simply have the right to feel secure in the shelter alone is not met. They were having trouble accessing assistance
government. Residence is illegal to make them could not make an identity card. The closing of various access to them eventually make their children even languished. "Why should only rich people who come to Jakarta. The poor are being chased Tramtib," Grandma said Dela.
Dian argued, it would be unfair when the various construction of a number of buildings were abandoned not continue, unpunished.
The buildings were in fact unemployed often used as a disco party (rave party) youth Jakarta. Mal also continue to be built despite the many visitors quiet. Meanwhile, many poor people who need just a patch of decent shelter can only bite the finger.
According to Dian, the problem of urban poverty must be overcome since the root of the problem. Completion of the problem must be the center jawabpemerintah which translate into national policy yangprorakyat poor. The provincial government was duly addressing the domestic issues of his city more wisely and not just blame the poor or the
marginal, desperate to town.
"The paradigm sees poverty must be changed. Not one of them if desperate to Jakarta," said Dian.
Yes, is not he want the poor throw themselves in Jakarta, then
squeezed between the sea malls, apartments, and various bead globalization.
Home Sweet Home. Presumably the title is ejected from the lips of Fatima. Palace in question is a room measuring 2 x 3 meters, a dirt floor and a wood-paneled. The contrast of the house overlooking the Ciliwung river where the water is flowing almost reached the river mouth.
Despite having the construction of buildings that are strong enough, because it is supported by four wooden sticks, but in the rainy season this time the feeling was was stalking them. "When the floods come, the house is no longer ketutup water," said Fatima.
Home that he was the husband's legacy during life working as a janitor at a school in Otista, Jakata East. To replace her husband to support his three children, who are still under 3 years of Fatimah are now working to help its neighbor washing clothes with an income of Rp 15,000 per day.
Once he made a business selling cakes to the market, but because there is nothing to keep the three children, Fatima returned to her old job. Also experienced a difficult experience when she had lost a child to both stricken muntahber. For the cost of hospital care Fatimah had received a loan from the neighbors.
Poverty mewajah the hundreds of families who live on the river bank in the area of Bukit Duri, china Bidara, Kampung Melayu to Manggarai, though in many ways the experiences of women like Fatima showed the face of poverty is more widespread. According to the survey Roots Studio, more than 65 percent of the population in the region have identity card (KTP) Jakarta, 32.97 percent of the remainder not yet have an ID card because of the age factor.
Experts define poverty as the lack of access to vital things in life. Absolute poverty means no access to the basic resources that sustain life, such as water, land, decent housing, the seed (for farmers), nutritious food, education, health care, and a healthy environment. Thus, absolute poverty can not be reduced to the calculation of income created international institutions, namely two dollars a day, or caloric intake alone. The figures confirms inflation and rising prices are skyrocketing while incomes do not move.
There is no accurate data on the amount of income people in Jakarta. Paul McCarthy of the World Bank in its Global Report (2003), citing a survey of institutions in six major cities in Indonesia, writes, 22 percent of the urban population lives on less than US $ 350,000 per month in 2001. About 20 percent live on about US $ 350,000 to Rp 500,000.
But, say those who live on less than Rp 500,000 per month as "poor" is too simplistic because it does not calculate the cost of housing and number of households.
Nevertheless, the poverty rate increased in the concept of vulnerability to poverty as a result of the economic crisis. The World Bank noted, about 50 percent of households in Indonesia are vulnerable to poverty.
In the city, the level of vulnerability was estimated to be around 29 percent, much lower than rural areas and 59 per cent. This data explains why more and more people go to the big city that is increasingly difficult to earn a livelihood in the villages and in small towns.
Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency of Jakarta is the richest provinces in Indonesia and is ranked the highest Human Development Index in Indonesia Human Development Report 2004. Although Law No. 32 Year 2004 on Regional Government has been applied, various data show still 65 percent of money circulation Indonesia accumulate in Jakarta.
It is understandable that this city becomes a kind of "displacement" of life that suppress elsewhere. Sparkling Jakarta becomes like a neon sign that attract moths. The rate of population growth is much higher than official data, making it the largest megacity in Southeast Asia is full of paradox began in 1970-1980, when the industrialization process was initiated.
Those who belong to the rich could pay for a plate of food for hundreds of thousands of rupiah, while thousands of others sweated for Rp 10,000 a day. The one to lose weight at a cost of millions of rupiah, while thousands of children can not eat three times a day.
"It is now envisaged in Jakarta" said Kasubdit Studies Consumer Price Statistics Agency Sasmita. In the early years of the community has been haunted by the rise in fuel prices due naiknnya world oil prices. Although not due to pressure, only cooking oil and kerosene are now also jumped.
With economic conditions experienced Fatimah and her three children, skyrocketing prices it needs a blow that can not be avoided. The difficulties will be experienced by the poor will be even greater. "Jakarta is a barometer of the economy Indonsia, sixty percent of the velocity of money here, but for anyone" she said.
The poor just as Fatimah are easy targets for evictions conducted by the Jakarta administration. Jakarta Provincial Government to polish what is referred to as "ulcers", the slums in the city and asked for a private party "modernize" the region with modern buildings consumption centers. Land Jakarta such could not breathe, even the river was narrowed, filled with tall buildings, flooded the uncontrolled and widespread infectious disease outbreaks.
The area along the river as a place to stay Fatimah is a region prone to eviction. In fact, based on data owned by the RT 06 Jafar, he was already inhabited the area since 20 years ago. "First inhabited by her" he said.
Such as the irony of this fact when confronted with the official statement of commitment to eradicate poverty. Instead, they continue to create scapegoats and stigma, making it is not poverty that must be faced, but the poor.
Crime is always associated with this group. In fact, the issue is jobs for unskilled urban groups, in addition to further marginalization of the indigenous population.
Research NGOs mentioned that about 2.8 million Jakarta residents living in 490 areas classified as "pockets of poverty". Data population vary between 7.8 million and 12.5 million, depending on the methodology used
source:
BPS Jakarta. In Figures 2009. 2009. Jakarta Jakarta: BPS Jakarta
1.tahun2005 = 316.2
2.tahun2006 = 407.1
3.tahun2007 = 405.7
4.tahun2008 = 379.6
5.tahun2009 = 323.2
6.tahun2010 = 312.2
1 OVERVIEW OF CONDITION AREA JAKARTA
Jakarta is the capital of the State of Indonesia which has a population in 2008 of 9:15 million so that Jakarta is one of the most populated cities in the territory of Indonesia
With a population that much then Jakarta has many problems of population, one of which is the problem of poverty over the year number is always increasing.
And one of the causes of poverty is the lack of jobs available in the area of Jakarta, according to the BPS In 2008 the total labor force of 4.77 million people and not the labor force of 2.18 million people, but the number of jobs available is not balanced with the amount of force existing work.
2 CONDITIONS OF POVERTY IN THE REGION JAKARTA
The number of poor people in Jakarta in March 2009 amounted to 323.17 thousand (3.62 percent). Compared with the poor people in March 2008 amounted to 379.6 thousand people (4.29 percent), means the number of poor people decreased by 57.45 thousand (0.67 percent). This may occur because of one reason is deflation in January through March of 0.13%
From BPS data also can be said that poverty year after year is generally said to be increasing. Hl can be seen from the table the incidence of poverty from 1996-2008 year
Number and Percentage of Poor People in Indonesia
By Region 1996-2008
3 CURRENT CASE EXAMPLE OF POVERTY IN THE REGION JAKARTA
Admittedly, Jakarta has a variety of programs to eradicate poverty. However, the program only reaches the poor air-Jakarta ID card. In fact, many poor immigrants from areas in Java, even outside of Java, which is not registered as a resident of the city.
For Yunaedi (37), given the onions means remembering the time living with his family who are always tinged cries. Tears were seeping not because the water splashes onions can indeed make eye spicy.
However, onions, too, who sliced his heart. Finally, an onion farmer from Brebes, Central Java, it went to Jakarta.
Yunaedi only landless. He is working on land owned by others, has hired every year. However, production costs often taksebanding onions with the selling price of garapannya. "When we lose so, the family all-out, the cry all at home. The onion rings were begitu.Benar really can make a real cry," said Yunaedi recalled.
1999 Yunaedi to Jakarta and selling fried rice. Together Sarmah (31) and two children, Yunaedi rented tenement of plywood on top of Kali Mampang, South Jakarta. There they lived with hundreds of other urban poor soul. Their slum shacks sandwiched between the luxury settlements.
Yunaedi just one portrait of the powerlessness of the poor in Jakarta. They are constantly marginalized systemically. Because the illegal residence status, Yunaedi were helpless when the card failed to take care of poor families.
Images of poverty in the city can not be seen simply as an urban problem alone. Poverty was not as flat as statistical data, which is easy to manipulate. How exactly the tangled threads of poverty in this city begin?
Dian Tri Irawati of the Division of Research and Development of the Urban Consortium (Urban Poor Consortium / UPC) noted, the powerlessness of the poor in the city has been started since the farmers' right to land in the village uprooted. Its true they actually farmers could not have their own land.
As impoverished farmers. One of the causes of poverty at the beginning of the city was when the agricultural sector was castrated systemically. "Portrait of poverty in the city is only one manifestation of the effects of castration," said Dian.
Tercerabutnya land of peasant life is exacerbated by stagnant implementation of agrarian reform (land reform) mandated by the Basic Agrarian Law No. 5 of 1960. Only recently the National Land Agency seeks to realize the mandate that has been dormant for decades.
The Act mandates the government to redistribute State land to tenant farmers and landless peasants. Ownership and control of land is limited. Spirit of the legislation was none other than to create equity in opportunity bidangpertanian productive activities.
However, Onghokham Institute noted, the legislation actually stalled since entering in 1970. In contrast, the ease in the provision of land for investment and exploitation of natural resources on a large scale open wide. As a result, the ownership of land by farmers continued to narrow. Conversion of agricultural land continues to happen.
Sovereignty farmers were emasculated by the adoption of the idea of the Green Revolution. As a result, farmers continue to rely on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. This is of course more to fatten the coffers of multinational companies in the agricultural sector. Meanwhile, the index of exchange rate farmers are always low, if not always degenerate.
"Nothing wrong with that then they are not flocking to Jakarta to seek life? They no longer have land, no adequate livelihood," said Dian.
In Jakarta, the absence of land rights in their villages continued in the absence of their right to stay in the capital. They also occupy land illegally; riverbanks, under bridges, under the motorway, to the edge of the railroad tracks. They make a living in the forbidden area, road shoulders, sidewalks, parking area also. As an illegal resident, shadows lose their source of livelihood and shelter continue to threaten.
Similarly Yunaedi, most of them were forced to inhabit lands should not for settlement. Riverbanks, on the platform, under a bridge, or the empty lands that have not been built by its owner is the easiest option.
Head of Jakarta Population Abdul Kadir said there were dozens of community residents who occupy the point of restricted areas, including 32 locations in North Jakarta. Among others in Rawa Bebek, exactly underneath the highway overpass Pluit, Teluk Gong, Kampung Bandan, Marunda, Tanah Merah, and the green line on the banks of Cakung Drain.
Their number could be hundreds of thousands of lives. Because, at the Tanah Merah alone there are 750 families, while in Cakung Drain about 300 keluarga.Digusur Jakarta Provincial Government to tackle poverty in the city with a repressive approach. Curbing. The settlements of the poor slum is considered a disease and damage the glitter of the city. Through the Regional Regulation No. 11
1988 on Public Order, the poor are often expelled. The issuance of Presidential Regulation No. 36 Year 2005 on Land Procurement for Implementation of Development for Public Interest increasingly legalize evictions.
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), a worldwide organization in Switzerland who campaigned for the right to housing, calling penggusuranpaksa in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, has reached a sufficient level of distress.
COHRE put Indonesia as one of the seven states that evictions greatest in the world. While UPC noted, from 2000 to 2005 as many as 19 094 families evicted.
"It's useless government-evicted evicted us. They gave compensation money, but for us it was money injustice. We were evicted from one place, moved to another place which remains illegal," said Grandma Dela, scavengers in Penjaringan district, North Jakarta.
For the urban poor illegal, to simply have the right to feel secure in the shelter alone is not met. They were having trouble accessing assistance
government. Residence is illegal to make them could not make an identity card. The closing of various access to them eventually make their children even languished. "Why should only rich people who come to Jakarta. The poor are being chased Tramtib," Grandma said Dela.
Dian argued, it would be unfair when the various construction of a number of buildings were abandoned not continue, unpunished.
The buildings were in fact unemployed often used as a disco party (rave party) youth Jakarta. Mal also continue to be built despite the many visitors quiet. Meanwhile, many poor people who need just a patch of decent shelter can only bite the finger.
According to Dian, the problem of urban poverty must be overcome since the root of the problem. Completion of the problem must be the center jawabpemerintah which translate into national policy yangprorakyat poor. The provincial government was duly addressing the domestic issues of his city more wisely and not just blame the poor or the
marginal, desperate to town.
"The paradigm sees poverty must be changed. Not one of them if desperate to Jakarta," said Dian.
Yes, is not he want the poor throw themselves in Jakarta, then
squeezed between the sea malls, apartments, and various bead globalization.
Home Sweet Home. Presumably the title is ejected from the lips of Fatima. Palace in question is a room measuring 2 x 3 meters, a dirt floor and a wood-paneled. The contrast of the house overlooking the Ciliwung river where the water is flowing almost reached the river mouth.
Despite having the construction of buildings that are strong enough, because it is supported by four wooden sticks, but in the rainy season this time the feeling was was stalking them. "When the floods come, the house is no longer ketutup water," said Fatima.
Home that he was the husband's legacy during life working as a janitor at a school in Otista, Jakata East. To replace her husband to support his three children, who are still under 3 years of Fatimah are now working to help its neighbor washing clothes with an income of Rp 15,000 per day.
Once he made a business selling cakes to the market, but because there is nothing to keep the three children, Fatima returned to her old job. Also experienced a difficult experience when she had lost a child to both stricken muntahber. For the cost of hospital care Fatimah had received a loan from the neighbors.
Poverty mewajah the hundreds of families who live on the river bank in the area of Bukit Duri, china Bidara, Kampung Melayu to Manggarai, though in many ways the experiences of women like Fatima showed the face of poverty is more widespread. According to the survey Roots Studio, more than 65 percent of the population in the region have identity card (KTP) Jakarta, 32.97 percent of the remainder not yet have an ID card because of the age factor.
Experts define poverty as the lack of access to vital things in life. Absolute poverty means no access to the basic resources that sustain life, such as water, land, decent housing, the seed (for farmers), nutritious food, education, health care, and a healthy environment. Thus, absolute poverty can not be reduced to the calculation of income created international institutions, namely two dollars a day, or caloric intake alone. The figures confirms inflation and rising prices are skyrocketing while incomes do not move.
There is no accurate data on the amount of income people in Jakarta. Paul McCarthy of the World Bank in its Global Report (2003), citing a survey of institutions in six major cities in Indonesia, writes, 22 percent of the urban population lives on less than US $ 350,000 per month in 2001. About 20 percent live on about US $ 350,000 to Rp 500,000.
But, say those who live on less than Rp 500,000 per month as "poor" is too simplistic because it does not calculate the cost of housing and number of households.
Nevertheless, the poverty rate increased in the concept of vulnerability to poverty as a result of the economic crisis. The World Bank noted, about 50 percent of households in Indonesia are vulnerable to poverty.
In the city, the level of vulnerability was estimated to be around 29 percent, much lower than rural areas and 59 per cent. This data explains why more and more people go to the big city that is increasingly difficult to earn a livelihood in the villages and in small towns.
Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency of Jakarta is the richest provinces in Indonesia and is ranked the highest Human Development Index in Indonesia Human Development Report 2004. Although Law No. 32 Year 2004 on Regional Government has been applied, various data show still 65 percent of money circulation Indonesia accumulate in Jakarta.
It is understandable that this city becomes a kind of "displacement" of life that suppress elsewhere. Sparkling Jakarta becomes like a neon sign that attract moths. The rate of population growth is much higher than official data, making it the largest megacity in Southeast Asia is full of paradox began in 1970-1980, when the industrialization process was initiated.
Those who belong to the rich could pay for a plate of food for hundreds of thousands of rupiah, while thousands of others sweated for Rp 10,000 a day. The one to lose weight at a cost of millions of rupiah, while thousands of children can not eat three times a day.
"It is now envisaged in Jakarta" said Kasubdit Studies Consumer Price Statistics Agency Sasmita. In the early years of the community has been haunted by the rise in fuel prices due naiknnya world oil prices. Although not due to pressure, only cooking oil and kerosene are now also jumped.
With economic conditions experienced Fatimah and her three children, skyrocketing prices it needs a blow that can not be avoided. The difficulties will be experienced by the poor will be even greater. "Jakarta is a barometer of the economy Indonsia, sixty percent of the velocity of money here, but for anyone" she said.
The poor just as Fatimah are easy targets for evictions conducted by the Jakarta administration. Jakarta Provincial Government to polish what is referred to as "ulcers", the slums in the city and asked for a private party "modernize" the region with modern buildings consumption centers. Land Jakarta such could not breathe, even the river was narrowed, filled with tall buildings, flooded the uncontrolled and widespread infectious disease outbreaks.
The area along the river as a place to stay Fatimah is a region prone to eviction. In fact, based on data owned by the RT 06 Jafar, he was already inhabited the area since 20 years ago. "First inhabited by her" he said.
Such as the irony of this fact when confronted with the official statement of commitment to eradicate poverty. Instead, they continue to create scapegoats and stigma, making it is not poverty that must be faced, but the poor.
Crime is always associated with this group. In fact, the issue is jobs for unskilled urban groups, in addition to further marginalization of the indigenous population.
Research NGOs mentioned that about 2.8 million Jakarta residents living in 490 areas classified as "pockets of poverty". Data population vary between 7.8 million and 12.5 million, depending on the methodology used
source:
BPS Jakarta. In Figures 2009. 2009. Jakarta Jakarta: BPS Jakarta
Analysis:
Judging from data on poverty in Jakarta that the conditions of poverty each year has increased, in Jakarta experienced a continuous poverty rate of unemployment because many of the jobs that, judging from many city dwellers, who are still unemployed and the gap unstable economy.
Judging from data on poverty in Jakarta that the conditions of poverty each year has increased, in Jakarta experienced a continuous poverty rate of unemployment because many of the jobs that, judging from many city dwellers, who are still unemployed and the gap unstable economy.
How to overcome poverty
conditions in order to better Jakarta government must participate in community
development and provide employment wider so that reduction in the unemployment
rate.
Also, the government must justify the economic system and the development of better for residents of Jakarta itself.
Also, the government must justify the economic system and the development of better for residents of Jakarta itself.
Indirectly, the Indonesian
people especially those who are far from the capital city of Jakarta, which is
in the rural areas are very dependent on life in Jakarta, they dare to complain
destiny to earn a better living longer and increasing. They
also want to get a better job anymore Jakarta.
